

Instructions on how to choose the right master and how to serve him. That the pursuit of justice should be foremost, yet acknowledged that, in human affairs, the command of a god ultimately prevails in all matters thus some of Ptahhotep's maxims indicate a person's correct behaviours in the presence of great personages (political, military, religious). Recurrent thematic motifs in the maxims include learning by listening to other people, being mindful of the imperfection of human knowledge, and that avoiding open conflict, whenever possible, should not be considered weakness.

In the third millennium BC, the Ancient Egyptian vizier Ptahhotep wrote The Maxims of Ptahhotep (2375–2350 BC), a didactic book of precepts extolling civil virtues, such as truthfulness, self-control, and kindness towards other people. At the Palace of Versailles, King Louis XIV used complicated étiquette to manage and control his courtiers and their politicking.
